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Introduction to Finance for Non-Finance Professionals

This article on Finance for Non-Finance Professionals will help you to gain basic finance knowledge, accounting concepts, and an understanding of financial statements required for a better understanding of finance.

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In today’s rapidly changing business world, you must stay updated more than ever. Also, recent economic development has made it necessary for non-finance professionals to gain knowledge of finance which will help analyze business opportunities and decisions. Regarding the current scenario, most non-finance professionals cannot understand financial risk due to a lack of knowledge.

Most non-finance professionals can run a business efficiently. Still, they fail to judge financial strength using small but significant finance techniques due to insufficient financial knowledge. It would help if you stayed updated more than ever before. Even if you are not from finance back then, you also need to understand the company’s financials, So let’s learn; what it all means and what financials’ impact on the company. So let’s start our learning journey with financial statements.

What do you mean by Financial Statements? Three Financial Statements

Income Statement

Balance Sheet

Cash Flow Statement

1. Income Statement

It measures a company’s financial performance and shows profitability over a specific period. Income Statements are called Profit and Loss, Statement of Earnings, or Statement of Operations.

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2. Balance Sheet

The balance sheet includes companies or entities’ assets and liabilities (financial position) at the end of the day at a specific date. It is also known as a Statement of Financial Position.

3. Cash Flow Statement

A cash flow statement provides information about cash receipts and payments during a specific period of the company. It gives information on cash based on its operating, investing, and financing activities.

Some Important Basic Concepts of Accounting

Given below are the basic concept of accounting:

1. Asset and Liability

An asset is an economic resource a company owns—for example, machinery, Land, etc.

Liability is the legal obligation of an organization that arises from its past actions. For example, loans, Accounts payable.

2. Book Value and Market Value

Book value is the amount of an asset or liability shown on the company’s books or statements.

Market value is the current value of the asset or liability.

3. Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation is reducing a tangible asset’s value over time or the useful life of the asset.

Amortization is reducing the value of an intangible asset over the useful life of the asset.

4. Fiscal Year

A company’s financial reporting year

5. Account Receivables and Accounts Payable

Accounts receivable are the amount the company collects or receives from their clients or customers (also called debtors) for services they have been provided.

Accounts payable are amounts a company owes because it purchased goods or services on credit from a supplier or vendor (also called creditors).

6. Revenue and Expenses

Revenue is sales or any income received; in simple words, it is income that flows into a company.

Expenses are costs that are incurred or required to run a business.

Basic Accounting Equation

As an Entrepreneur or finance professional, please do not underestimate the importance of the balance sheet equation. Following is the formula for the balance sheet equation. This formula is essential:

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity

for a better understanding of this equation, let’s take an example.

Mr. David has the following Assets and Liabilities as of 31 December 2013

Balance Sheet as of 31 December 2013

Assets Amount($) Liabilities Amount($)

Land and Buildings 20000 Capital 27000

Plant and Machinery 15000 Bank Loan 16000

Vehicles 6000 Creditors 4500

Debtors 6500

47500

Balance sheet Equation

1) Capital = Assets – Liabilities

27,000 = 47,500 – 20,500

2) Assets = Capital + Liabilities

47,500 = 27,000 + 20,500

3) Liabilities = Assets – Capital

Techniques of Financial Statement Analysis

Understand and interpret financial statements using finance techniques like ratio analysis. This technique may help you to make better business decisions.

1. Horizontal Analysis

It is a financial analysis technique in which the percentage change in the value of each line item of a financial statement is calculated specific period.

2. Vertical Analysis

Shows the relationship of each item to a base amount on financial statements

Income statement (each item expressed as a percentage of net sales)

Balance sheet (each item expressed as a percentage of total assets)

3. Ratio Analysis

Ratio analysis is a technique used to interpret financial statements. It involves comparison for a meaningful interpretation of the financial statements. Ratios can be used to evaluate four different areas of a company’s performance and conditions

Solvency ratios

Operating Performance

Risk Analysis

Growth

Ratio Analysis – Solvency

These ratios determine the firm’s ability to pay its short-term liabilities. Following are the types of Ratio Analysis – Solvency

a) Current Ratio

This Ratio examines current assets and current liabilities. The formula for the current Ratio is

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

The higher the current Ratio, the more likely the company will be able to pay its short-term bills.

If the Ratio is less than 1, then it means that the company has negative working capital and is probably facing a liquidity crisis.

b) Quick Ratio

Quick Ratio adjusts current assets by removing less liquid assets. A quick ratio is a more stringent measure of liquidity than the current Ratio.

Quick Ratio= (Cash + Marketable Securities + Receivables)/ Current Liabilities

The higher the quick Ratio, the more likely the company will be able to pay its short-term bills.

c) Cash Ratio

The cash ratio relates cash (ultimate liquid asset) to current liabilities.

Cash Ratio=( Cash + Marketable Securities)/ Current Liabilities

The higher the cash ratio, the more likely the company will be able to pay its short-term bills.

Finance for Non-Finance Professionals – FAQs

Q1. I am an entrepreneur. Can I analyze my business balance sheet using Financial analysis techniques?

Answer: You can analyze your business balance sheet using ratio analysis.

Q2. I am from a non-finance background. Can you provide me with free finance training material to help me learn basic accounting?

Answer: Many online portals provide free training material; however, don’t be confused. Select the right one and quality courses. Get free finance training material for non-finance professionals.

Q3. Hello, will you please recommend an online finance course, because I am a working professional in the IT sector and don’t have enough time for classroom training? Please suggest the best course so I can understand the basic finance concepts from scratch.

Answer: If you are new to finance, choose an online course that includes fundamental concepts from scratch. For professionals like you, online courses are beneficial. It would help if you attended an online Finance for Non-Finance Professionals course.

Finance for Non-Finance Professionals Infographics

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